The high rates of morbidity, mortality, and disability associated with traumatic brain injury constitute a significant public health burden, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches. The Silent information regulator 2 protein family are crucial regulators of energy homeostasis, with the silent information regulator sirtuin 1 demonstrating a neuroprotective role in various neurological diseases. This paper elucidates the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of the silent information regulator sirtuin 1 in the context of traumatic brain injury. Additionally, it reviews drug studies aimed at targeting the silent information regulator sirtuin 1 for the treatment of traumatic brain injury.