Radiation therapy stands as a cornerstone in the treatment of various cranial tumors, including gliomas, meningiomas, and metastases, and has evolved into an integral component of brain tumor treatment. Its roots trace back to the 1930s, and over the years, this therapeutic approach has undergone substantial refinement, witnessing numerous improvements and innovations. Presently, heavy ion therapy has emerged as a focal point in the research landscape of tumor radiation therapy, owing to its distinctive physical and biological effects, characterized by minimal damage to normal tissues and a heightened tumor control rate. However, despite its potential, widespread adoption remains limited. Carbon ions, among the spectrum of heavy ions and notably mature in their application, have garnered substantial attention. This article comprehensively reviews the research on the treatment and application of carbon ions in brain tumors, offering valuable insights for the prospective utilization of heavy ion therapy in the context of brain tumor treatment.