Objective To analyze the disease burden of brain and central nervous system cancer (CNS cancer) in major Asian countries and forecast the future development trend of that in China, which helps to provide reference for the prevention and control of CNS cancer. Methods Data sources for the disease burden of CNS cancer among global and major Asian countries from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) were extracted to describe burden distribution through the absolute numbers or standardized rates of incidence, prevalence, disability adjusted life years (DALYs) and death by year and social-demographic index (SDI). Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to assess the trend of standardized rate. The burden of CNS cancer in China was compared by sex and age groups in 2019, and the NORPRED model was performed to predict the change of the absolute numbers or standardized rates of incidence and death from 2020 to 2044. Results From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and prevalence rate (ASPR) of CNS cancer in the world increased year by year. Among the major Asian countries, Japan has the heaviest disease burden, EAPC of ASIR, age-standardized DALYs rate and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) are 2.28% (95% CI: 1.94%~2.62%), 1.02% (95% CI: 0.87%~1.18%) and 1.46% (95% CI: 1.29%~1.64%) respectively, with the increases exceeding that of Republic of Korea and China. From 1990 to 2019, the ASIR of CNS cancer in China increased from 4.45/100000 to 5.69/100000, the ASPR increased from 8.15/100000 to 22.58/100000, the age-standardized DALYs rate decreased from 161.29/100000 to 126.24/100000, and the ASMR decreased from 3.87/100000 to 3.5/100000. The age-specific incidence rate and prevalence rate of CNS cancer in Chinese women are higher than that in men, and the age-specific mortality rate in men is higher than that in women in 2019, and there is no significant difference in the age-specific DALYs rate. In addition, according to NORDPRED model, ASIR of CNS cancer in China are expected to continue rising between 2000 and 2044, with an estimated increase of 26.65%, and the ASMR are predicted to continue falling, with an estimated decrease of 9.14%. Conclusion Compared to Republic of Korea and Japan, the burden of CNS cancer in China has improved, but it remains at a high level globally. The population aged 85+ is the group with the heaviest burden, it is necessary to pay more attention on male and actively take corresponding prevention and control measures for reducing the disease burden of CNS cancer.