Thalassemia is a hereditary blood disease and is the most common type of rare disease in China. Thalassemia can be classified into α type， β type， delta-β type， and delta type， among which β- and α-thalassemia are more common， and all types of thalassemia have the pattern of autosomal recessive inheritance. Carrier screening， prevention， and control for thalassemia can effectively reduce the incidence rate of thalassemia， and therefore， this expert consensus is formulated with a focus on the methods and procedures for thalassemia carrier screening and related prevention and control strategies， in order to guide and standardize the clinical practice of clinicians and laboratory personnel. ［Journal of International Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2024, 51(5): 43-50］