The transcription factor SOX9 belongs to the SOXE subclass of the SOX family， and a large number of articles have shown that the expression of SOX9 is associated with glioma. Glioma is the most common malignant brain tumor， and patients with high-grade glioma have an extremely poor prognosis； therefore， it is very important to investigate the pathogenesis of glioma and find new effective therapeutic targets. The transcription factor SOX9 regulates downstream targets through a variety of signaling pathways， thereby affecting the development， progression， treatment， and prognosis of glioma. The upregulation of SOX9 is positively correlated with the progression of glioma， which is unfavorable to the prognosis of glioma， and the reduction in SOX9 expression may be beneficial to the treatment of glioma. Meanwhile， various microRNAs indirectly affect the progression of glioma by downregulating the expression of SOX9. This article reviews the structure and function of SOX9 and the signaling pathways and mechanisms of its effect on glioma cell phenotype and looks forward to the potential therapeutic targets in the future.