Epilepsy is a group of central nervous system diseases caused by abnormal excessive discharge of brain neurons. Microglia， as the main immune cells in the central nervous system， play an important role in the development and maintenance of nerves. Although studies have shown that microglia cells can mediate the development of epilepsy by increasing bioactive substances such as inflammatory mediators， there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding of the signal transduction pathways associated with such inflammatory mediators. Moreover， more and more evidence has proven that microglia play a crucial role in neuronal degeneration， neurogenesis， and synaptic pruning， which is associated with the development of epilepsy. Therefore， further studies on the biological function of microglia in the development of epilepsy and the molecular mechanism of microglia cells in epilepsy can provide new molecular targets for the clinical treatment of epilepsy. ［Journal of International Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2023, 50(6): 57-62］