Multiple sclerosis （MS） is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and is one of the major diseases leading to non-traumatic disability in young adults. It is often characterized by limb weakness， paresthesia， ocular symptoms， ataxia， paroxysmal symptoms， and mental symptoms. The diagnosis of MS in the past relies on clinical manifestations and pathological histology， and with the development of neuroimaging technology， it can help us to detect MS lesions without clinical symptoms in the early stage， which can be used as the subclinical evidence of the disease. Modern neuroimaging technology has developed from structural imaging to functional imaging and molecular imaging. The structural imaging techniques commonly used for the auxiliary diagnosis of MS include magnetic resonance imaging， diffusion tensor imaging， and optical coherence tomography imaging， and these techniques can display the specific morphological structure of lesions， judge whether the lesion is old or new， and provide a basis for clinical staging and treatment. Functional imaging techniques include functional magnetic resonance imaging and arterial spin labeling， which can evaluate the brain functional activities of MS patients from the aspects of metabolic level and hemodynamics and thus provide an imaging basis for the diagnosis， staging， and prognosis evaluation of MS. Molecular imaging techniques include magnetic resonance spectroscopy and positron emission computed tomography， which can provide support for the pathogenesis， early diagnosis， disease evaluation， and outcome evaluation of MS. The development of functional imaging and molecular imaging techniques make up for the defect that structural imaging techniques cannot identify MS without anatomical changes， and in particular， through the imaging of the key marker molecules in the process of MS， molecular imaging techniques can explore the development and progression of the disease from the tissue， cell， and molecular levels， directly reflect the pathophysiological changes of the disease， and provide ideas for the research on drug new targets through the design of specific probes. ［Journal of International Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2023, 50(3): 91-96］