Primary dege-neration of corpus callosum is a rare disease of demyelination and secondary necrosis with the involvement of the corpus callosum， and its etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. The disease is mainly observed in middle-aged male individuals and is often associated with long-term alcoholism or malnutrition， and a lack of specific diagnostic criteria may easily cause missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis. This article reports a patient with subacute primary dege-neration of corpus callosum due to non-alcoholic etiology. The patient had subacute onset with a history of diabetes， without a history of drinking and had the main clinical manifestations of limb weakness， progressive cognitive decline， behavioral abnormalities， and mild disturbance of consciousness. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging showed that the corpus callosum presented with swelling changes and multiple patchy abnormal signal lesions， with hyperintensity on fluid attenuated inversion recovery sequence， hyperintensity on diffusion weighted imaging， and hypointensity on apparent dispersion coefficient imaging， and these lesions were symmetrically distributed at both sides， involving the genu， body， and splenium of the corpus callosum. The patient's symptoms were significantly improved after supplementation of high-dose vitamin B₁ and vitamin B₁₂ and blood glucose control， with remarkable improvements in consciousness， speech， cognitive function， and muscle strength of extremities. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging reexamination showed a significant reduction in the symmetrical abnormal signal lesions in the corpus callosum. By reporting a case of MBD due to non-alcoholic etiology and further reviewing related articles in China and globally， this article summarizes the research advances in the etiology， pathogenesis， imaging findings， clinical features， diagnosis， differential diagnosis and treatment methods of MBD.