Patients with severe neurological diseases in the neuroscience intensive care unit （NICU） often suffer from various secondary injuries， such as cerebral edema， intracranial hypertension， epilepsy， and abnormal perfusion， and therefore， the prevention， diagnosis， and treatment of secondary brain injury are important influencing factors for clinical prognosis and outcome. Brain multimodal monitoring （MMM） uses various methods to systematically and comprehensively evaluate the physiological function and pathological changes of the brain， so as to realize precise management. At present， commonly used MMM techniques include brain tissue oxygen monitoring， intracranial pressure monitoring， cerebral metabolism monitoring， cerebral blood flow monitoring， electroencephalographic monitoring， and multimodal neuroimaging， which can be classified as invasive and noninvasive techniques， and these monitoring techniques can evaluate pathological and physiological changes of the brain from different perspectives. Near-infrared spectroscopy （NIRS） can be used to evaluate blood oxygen saturation in brain tissue， intracranial perfusion， and the regulatory function of vessels. Invasive intracranial pressure monitoring can accurately monitor and predict the change in intracranial pressure and guide the amount of drugs used for dehydration and reducing intracranial pressure. Cerebral microdialysis （CMD） can perform sampling of intracranial extracellular fluid and monitor the content of intracranial metabolites to clarify intracranial metabolism. Transcranial Doppler （TCD） can be used to monitor the blood flow volume of intracranial and extracranial major blood vessels. Electroencephalographic monitoring can reflect brain electrical activity directly and cerebral blood flow indirectly and is used to predict epilepsy and cerebral ischemia； continuous electroencephalographic （cEEG） monitoring is often used in severe neurological diseases， and the change in brain waves is closely associated with clinical symptoms and prognosis. As an emerging technique， multimodal neuroimaging can objectively reflect the structural， functional， and pathological changes of the brain. This article introduces the application principles and monitoring characteristics of each MMM technique currently used in the NICU， summarizes the association of different monitoring indicators with clinical prognosis， and discusses existing problems and challenges in these techniques. ［Journal of International Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2022, 49(6): 92-96］