Recent studies have found that various nervous system diseases in diabetes can be improved with the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists （GLP-1RA） for the treatment of diabetes， but its specific mechanism remains unclear. Natural glucagon-like peptide-1 （GLP-1） is an intestinal peptide-like hormone secreted by feeding-induced stimulation of L cells in the ileum and colon and can promote insulin synthesis and secretion. A variety of long-acting GLP-1RA developed to overcome the short half-life of GLP-1 have been widely used in clinical practice， such as exenatide， liraglutide， albiglutide， and dulaglutide， which have shown advantages in controlling blood glucose level and body weight. Since of GLP-1 receptors are widely distributed on the cell membranes of tissues such as the pancreas， lung， brain， heart， kidney， and gastrointestinal tract， GLP-1RA may also exert a therapeutic effect on diseases other than diabetes. Existing reports have shown that GLP-1RA has a significant protective effect against neurological， cardiovascular， and renal diseases， and it can also help to alleviate respiratory inflammation and reduce body fat. GLP-1 receptors are also widely distributed in the brain， and GLP-1RA can effectively cross the blood-brain barrier. GLP-1RA binds to corresponding receptors to activate various kinase signaling pathways including PKA， PI3K/AKT， ERK， and MEK and regulate neurotransmitter transmission， which might be the pathway for GLP-1RA to exert a neuroprotective effect by alleviating inflammation， reducing oxidative stress， inhibiting apoptosis， reducing DNA damage， and repairing neural cells. With reference to related basic and clinical research， this article reviews the research advances in the neuroprotective effect of GLP-1RA in various nervous system diseases such as ischemic stroke， cognitive impairment， and Parkinson’s disease， so as to summarize its mechanism of action and explore its potential as a neuroprotective drug. ［Journal of International Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2022, 49(6): 82-86］