Objective To analyze the effects of antiepileptic drugs on the cognitive function of patients with gliomas after surgery.Methods We analyzed the clinical data of 94 patients with gliomas who underwent microscopic surgery at Pangang Group General Hospital from January 2018 to January 2021. The patients were divided， based on previous epilepsy and treatment， into group A （37 cases with a history of epileptic seizures and longer than 3 months use of antiepileptic drugs） and group B （57 cases who had no history of seizures and only used antiepileptic drugs for prophylaxis after surgery）. The two groups were compared in terms of electroencephalogram （EEG） power in various frequency bands， the P300 wave， cognitive function scores， and Wechsler Intelligence Scale scores before and after treatment.Results There were significant differences in EEG power in the α， β， α+β， θ， δ， and θ+δ bands at different time points （P＜0.05） and between groups （P＜0.05）， and compared with group B， group A showed significantly higher EEG power in the θ， δ， and θ+δ bands， indicating worse cognitive function. There were significant differences in the P300 wave at different time points （P＜0.05） and between groups （P＜0.05）， and group A had a longer P300 latency than group B， suggesting poorer cognitive function. Cognitive function scores showed significant differences at different time points （P＜0.05） and between groups （P＜0.05）， and group A had lower cognitive function scores than group B， suggesting poorer cognitive function. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale scores were significantly different at different time points （P＜0.05） and between groups （P＜0.05）， and compared with group B， group A showed significantly lower scores of various Wechsler Intelligence Scale items， indicating poorer cognitive function.Conclusion Patients with gliomas who have a history of seizures and are treated with antiepileptic drugs have poor relative cognitive function after surgery， Whether the preoperative use of antiepileptic drugs will aggravate the postoperative cognitive impairment is still uncertain.