Recent studies have found that α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 6 （ABHD6） is a molecule that has the activity of serine hydrolase and plays an important regulatory role in the central nervous system. As the main hydrolase of postsynaptic endocannabinoid， ABHD6 is involved in the regulation of the neuronal endocannabinoid system； in addition， ABHD6 is an important part of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor （AMPAR） complex and can inhibit the translocation of AMPAR to postsynaptic membrane and the excitability of AMPAR. In-depth studies show that ABHD6 plays a potential regulatory role in the neuroinflammation pathway and autoimmunity and is expected to become a new target for the intervention of nervous system diseases. This article reviews the latest research advances in the role of ABHD6 in the treatment of nervous system diseases from the aspects of its molecular structure， expression， and mechanism of action in the central nervous system.