Objective To investigate the relationship between the results of carotid artery ultrasound and stroke risk factors like age, hypertension, and hyperglycemia among the population at high risk of stroke in Shaoyang, China, and to provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of intervention system in the area.Methods A randomized cluster sampling was used to select 4200 permanent residents in Shaoyang for physical examination and questionnaire survey, and 628 cases were screened out as the high-risk population of stroke. The people at high risk were given carotid artery color Doppler ultrasonography, and the results were analyzed statistically. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to study the risk factors influencing the high-risk population of stroke in Shaoyang.Results Of the 628 cases, 265(42.19%) were detected as carotid intimal thickening, 125(19.90%) were carotid plaque, 38(6.05%) were carotid stenosis, and 28(4.46%) were carotid plaque associated with carotid stenosis. Compared with people over 60 years old, people aged 60 years or younger had a significantly lower incidence of intimal thickening, carotid plaque, and carotid stenosis (P<0.05). Compared with people with hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, people without these diseases had a significantly lower incidence of intimal thickening, carotid plaque, and carotid stenosis (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and carotid plaque were independent factors for stroke among residents in Shaoyang.Conclusions Actively carrying out carotid artery color Doppler ultrasonography is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular disease in the area.